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Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye

Year 2022, Volume: 37 Issue: 3, 129 - 139, 11.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20221088270

Abstract

Although cyanobacteria are commonly associated with eutrophic lakes, they are the basic compo-nents of phytoplankton communities in lakes that have different trophic statuses. In inland waters, both nutrient loading from watersheds and warmer conditions promote phytoplankton growth and cause extensive cyanobacterial blooms. Certain bloom-forming cyanobacterial species can pose a health risk to humans and aquatic ecosystems through cyanotoxin production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cyanobacterial composition and toxins in five reservoirs and two natural lakes in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, all with varying trophic statuses. Within this scope, sam-ples were collected in autumn 2017 and spring 2018. Cyanobacterial species were enumerated according to the Utermöhl method. Cyanotoxin samples were analyzed using HPLC. To find the trophic status of the water bodies, the Trophic State Index (TSI) developed by Carlson (1977) was used and Total Phosphorus (TP), Secchi Depth (SD), and Chlorophyll-ɑ (chl-ɑ) measurements were performed. Cyanobacterial abundance, species composition, and cyanotoxin production differed significantly between the lakes and reservoirs. A total of 13 cyanobacteria species were identified including potential cyanotoxin producers such as Microcystis, Aphanizomenon, and Dolichospermum. According to the TSI, three reservoirs were mesotrophic and the other four waterbodies had eutro-phic-hypereutrophic conditions. Microcystis is the most common bloom-forming freshwater cyano-bacteria in the Küçük Menderes River Basin. However, microcystin concentrations were relatively low and the highest microcystin concentration was detected in the Tahtalı Reservoir at 9 μg/L. The Küçük Menderes River Basin is under water-stressed conditions and the cyanobacteria blooms in the region might pose another threat for wildlife and humans.

Thanks

This study was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Water Management (Project on Management Plan of Küçük Menderes River Basin).

References

  • Akcaalan, R., Mazur-Marzec, H. Zalewska, A., & Albay, M. (2009). Phenotypic and Toxicological Characterization of Toxic Nodularia spumigena from a Freshwater Lake in Turkey. Harmful Algae 8(2):273-78. [CrossRef] google scholar
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  • Albay, M., Akcaalan, R., Tufekci, H., Metcalf, JS., Beattie, KA., & Codd, GA. (2003). Depth profiles of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (microcystins) in three Turkish freshwater lakes. Hydrobiologia, 505(1), 89-95. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Albay, M., Matthiensen, A., & Codd, G. A. (2005). Occurrence of toxic blue-green algae in the Kucukcekmece lagoon (İstanbul, Turkey). Environmental Toxicology: An International Journal, 20(3), 277-284. [CrossRef] google scholar
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  • APHA-AWWA WPCF. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 17th ed. Washington DC. google scholar
  • Carlson, RE. (1977). “A Trophic State Index for Lakes.” Limnology and Oceanography 22(2):361-69. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Carrasco, D., Moreno, E., Sanchis, D., Wörmer, L., Paniagua, T., Del Cueto, A., & Quesada, A. (2006). Cyanobacterial abundance and microcystin occurrence in Mediterranean water reservoirs in Central Spain: microcystins in the Madrid area. European Journal of Phycology, 41(3), 281-291. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Cook, CM., Vardaka, E. & Lanaras, T. (2004). “Toxic Cyanobacteria in Greek Freshwaters,1987-2000: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Impacts in the Mediterranean Region.” Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 32(2):107-24. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Fernandez-Figueroa, EG., Buley, RP., Barros, MU., Gladfelter, MF., McClimans, WD., & Wilson, AE. (2021). Carlson’s Trophic State Index is a poor predictor of cyanobacterial dominance in drinking water reservoirs. AWWA Water Science, 3(2), e1219. [CrossRef] google scholar
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  • Gkelis, S., Lanaras, T., & Sivonen, K. (2015). Cyanobacterial toxic and bioactive peptides in freshwater bodies of Greece: Concentrations, occurrence patterns, and implications for human health. Marine Drugs, 13(10), 6319-6335. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Hillebrand, H., Dürselen, C. D., Kirschtel, D., Pollingher, U., & Zohary, T. (1999). Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. Journal of phycology, 35(2), 403-424. [CrossRef] google scholar
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  • Joung, S. H., Oh, H. M., Ko, S. R., & Ahn, C. Y. (2011). Correlations between environmental factors and toxic and non-toxic Microcystis dynamics during bloom in Daechung Reservoir, Korea. Harmful Algae, 10(2), 188-193. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Koker, L., Akcaalan, R., Oguz, A., Gaygusuz, O., Gurevin, C., Akat Kose, C., ... & Kinaci, C. (2017). Distribution of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Turkish waterbodies. Journal of environmental protection and ecology, 18(2), 425-432. google scholar
  • Koker, L., Akçaalan, R., Dittmann, E., & Albay, M. (2021). Depth profiles of protein-bound microcystin in Küçükçekmece Lagoon. Toxicon, 198, 156-163. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Komarek J., Anagnostidis, K. (1989), “Modern approach to the classification system of 452 cyanophytes 4-Nostocales”, Arch. Hydrobiol./Algolog. Studies, 56, 247-345. google scholar
  • Komârek, J., Anagnostidis, K. (2007). Cyanoprokaryota, part 2. Oscillatoriales. Germany: Springer Spektrum. google scholar
  • Komarek, J., Anagnostidis, K. (2008), “Cyanoprokaryota. Part 2: Oscillatoriales”, 454 Süsswasseflora von Mitteleuropa Freshwater Flora of Central Europe, Spektrum 455 AkademischerVelag, 759 sayfa, Büdel, B., Gartner, G., Krienitz, L., Schagerl, M. (Eds). google scholar
  • Krammer, K., Lange-Bertalot, H. (1986). SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/1, 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag google scholar
  • Lyon-Colbert, A., Su, S., & Cude, C. (2018). A systematic literature review for evidence of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae toxigenicity in recreational waters and toxicity of dietary supplements: 20002017. Toxins, 10(7), 254. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Ma, J., Qin, B., Paerl, H. W., Brookes, J. D., Hall, N. S., Shi, K., ... & Long, S. (2016). The persistence of cyanobacterial (M icrocystis spp.) blooms throughout winter in L ake T aihu, C hina. Limnology and Oceanography, 61(2), 711-722. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Mariani, M. A., Padedda, B. M., Kastovsky, J., Buscarinu, P., Sechi, N., Virdis, T., & Luglie, A. (2015). Effects of trophic status on microcystin production and the dominance of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton assemblage of Mediterranean reservoirs. Scientific reports, 5(1), 1-16. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Water Management. 2019. Project on Management Plan of Küçük Menderes River Basin. google scholar
  • Oğuz, A., Akçaalan, R., Koker, L., Gürevin, C., Dorak, Z. & Albay, M. (2020). “Driving Factors Affecting the Phytoplankton Functional Groups in a Deep Alkaline Lake.” Turkish Journal of Botany 44(6):633-46. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Preece, E. P., Hardy, F. J., Moore, B. C., & Bryan, M. (2017). A review of microcystin detections in estuarine and marine waters: environmental implications and human health risk. Harmful Algae, 61, 31-45. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Sac, G., Gaygusuz, Ö., Dorak, Z., Koker L., Aydın F., Akçaalan R & Albay M. (2021). Pressure of Urbanisation on the Fish Community Structure in Küçük Menderes River Basin (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Water Science and Management, 5(1), 40-58. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Sinang, S. C., Reichwaldt, E. S., & Ghadouani, A. (2013). Spatial and temporal variability in the relationship between cyanobacterial biomass and microcystins. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185(8), 6379-6395. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Somay, A. M., Gemici, Ü., & Filiz, S. (2008). Hydrogeochemical investigation of kücük menderes river coastal wetland, selçuk-izmir, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 55(1), 149-164. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Svircev, Z., Lalic, D., Bojadzija Savic, G., Tokodi, N., Drobac Backovic, D., Chen, L., ... & Codd, G. A. (2019). Global geographical and historical overview of cyanotoxin distribution and cyanobacterial poisonings. Archives of toxicology, 93(9), 2429-2481. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Tosun, H. (2018). “Earthquake Safety of Large Dams Located in Küçük Menderes.” Istanbul: 5th International Symposium on Dam Safety. google scholar
  • Utermöhl, H. (1958). Zur vervollkommnung der quantitativen phytoplankton-methodik: Mit 1 Tabelle und 15 abbildungen im Text und auf 1 Tafel. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Mitteilungen, 9(1), 1-38. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Via-Ordorika, L., Fastner, J., Kurmayer, R., Hisbergues, M., Dittmann, E., Komarek, J., ... & Chorus, I. (2004). Distribution of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis sp. in European freshwater bodies: detection of microcystins and microcystin genes in individual colonies. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27(5), 592-602. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Walls, J. T., Wyatt, K. H., Doll, J. C., Rubenstein, E. M., & Rober, A. R. (2018). Hot and toxic: Temperature regulates microcystin release from cyanobacteria. Science of the Total Environment, 610, 786-795. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Wan, X., Steinman, A. D., Gu, Y., Zhu, G., Shu, X., Xue, Q., ... & Xie, L. (2020). Occurrence and risk assessment of microcystin and its relationship with environmental factors in lakes of the eastern plain ecoregion, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45095-45107. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Wei, J., Wang, M., Chen, C., Wu, H., Lin, L., & Li, M. (2020). Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in two temperate artificial lakes with different water sources. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(34), 42324-42334. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Xu, H., Chen, J., Zhu, G. W., Qin, B. Q., & Zhang, Y. L. (2019). Effect of concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen on the dominance of cyanobacteria. J Lake Sci, 31(5), 1239-1247. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Yang, J., Wang, F., Lv, J., Liu, Q., Nan, F., Liu, X., ... & Feng, J. (2019). Interactive effects of temperature and nutrients on the phytoplankton community in an urban river in China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(11), 1-16. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Zou, W., Zhu, G., Cai, Y., Vilmi, A., Xu, H., Zhu, M., ... & Qin, B. (2020). Relationships between nutrient, chlorophyll a and Secchi depth in lakes of the Chinese Eastern Plains ecoregion: Implications for eutrophication management. Journal of Environmental Management, 260, 109923. [CrossRef] google scholar
Year 2022, Volume: 37 Issue: 3, 129 - 139, 11.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20221088270

Abstract

References

  • Akcaalan, R., Mazur-Marzec, H. Zalewska, A., & Albay, M. (2009). Phenotypic and Toxicological Characterization of Toxic Nodularia spumigena from a Freshwater Lake in Turkey. Harmful Algae 8(2):273-78. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Aksu, M., Basaran, A. K., & Egemen, O. (2015). Investigation of Water Quality Trends of the Tahtali Reservoir (Izmir, Turkey). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 20(2), 317-324. google scholar
  • Albay, M., Akcaalan, R., Tufekci, H., Metcalf, JS., Beattie, KA., & Codd, GA. (2003). Depth profiles of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (microcystins) in three Turkish freshwater lakes. Hydrobiologia, 505(1), 89-95. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Albay, M., Matthiensen, A., & Codd, G. A. (2005). Occurrence of toxic blue-green algae in the Kucukcekmece lagoon (İstanbul, Turkey). Environmental Toxicology: An International Journal, 20(3), 277-284. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Anonim, (2019a). İçme Suyu Temin Edilen Suların Kalitesi ve Arıtılması Hakkında Yönetmelik, Resmi Gazete, No: 30823. google scholar
  • Anonim, (2019b). Yüzme Suyu Kalitesi Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete, No:30899. google scholar
  • APHA-AWWA WPCF. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 17th ed. Washington DC. google scholar
  • Carlson, RE. (1977). “A Trophic State Index for Lakes.” Limnology and Oceanography 22(2):361-69. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Carrasco, D., Moreno, E., Sanchis, D., Wörmer, L., Paniagua, T., Del Cueto, A., & Quesada, A. (2006). Cyanobacterial abundance and microcystin occurrence in Mediterranean water reservoirs in Central Spain: microcystins in the Madrid area. European Journal of Phycology, 41(3), 281-291. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Cook, CM., Vardaka, E. & Lanaras, T. (2004). “Toxic Cyanobacteria in Greek Freshwaters,1987-2000: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Impacts in the Mediterranean Region.” Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 32(2):107-24. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Fernandez-Figueroa, EG., Buley, RP., Barros, MU., Gladfelter, MF., McClimans, WD., & Wilson, AE. (2021). Carlson’s Trophic State Index is a poor predictor of cyanobacterial dominance in drinking water reservoirs. AWWA Water Science, 3(2), e1219. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Giani, A., Taranu, ZE., von Rückert, G., & Gregory-Eaves, I. (2020). Comparing key drivers of cyanobacteria biomass in temperate and tropical systems. Harmful Algae, 97, 101859. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Gkelis, S., Lanaras, T., & Sivonen, K. (2015). Cyanobacterial toxic and bioactive peptides in freshwater bodies of Greece: Concentrations, occurrence patterns, and implications for human health. Marine Drugs, 13(10), 6319-6335. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Hillebrand, H., Dürselen, C. D., Kirschtel, D., Pollingher, U., & Zohary, T. (1999). Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. Journal of phycology, 35(2), 403-424. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Honma, T., & Park, HD. (2005). Changes in Microcystis species composition and cell-quota basis of microcystin concentration in Lake Suwa. Japanese Journal of Limnology (Japan). [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Huisman, J., Codd, GA., Paerl, HW., Ibelings, BW., Verspagen, JM., & Visser, PM. (2018). Cyanobacterial blooms. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(8), 471-483. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • ISO 10260. (1992). Water Quality — Measurement of Biochemical Parameters — Spectrometric Determination of the Chlorophyll a Concentration. International Organization for Standardization. google scholar
  • Ispirli S., (2009). Monitoring Izmir Tahtalı Reservoir for Toxic Cyanobacteria and Certain Microcystin Variants. 77p, Ph.D. thesis, Ege University. google scholar
  • Janssen, EML. (2019). “Cyanobacterial Peptides beyond Microcystins - A Review on Co-Occurrence, Toxicity, and Challenges for Risk Assessment.” Water Research 151:488-99. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • John, DM, Whitton BA, Brook, AJ. (2002). The Freshwater Alga Flora of the British 450 Isles. Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 274-278. google scholar
  • John, DM. (2005). The Freshwater Alga Flora of the British Isles. London: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. google scholar
  • Joung, S. H., Oh, H. M., Ko, S. R., & Ahn, C. Y. (2011). Correlations between environmental factors and toxic and non-toxic Microcystis dynamics during bloom in Daechung Reservoir, Korea. Harmful Algae, 10(2), 188-193. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Koker, L., Akcaalan, R., Oguz, A., Gaygusuz, O., Gurevin, C., Akat Kose, C., ... & Kinaci, C. (2017). Distribution of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Turkish waterbodies. Journal of environmental protection and ecology, 18(2), 425-432. google scholar
  • Koker, L., Akçaalan, R., Dittmann, E., & Albay, M. (2021). Depth profiles of protein-bound microcystin in Küçükçekmece Lagoon. Toxicon, 198, 156-163. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Komarek J., Anagnostidis, K. (1989), “Modern approach to the classification system of 452 cyanophytes 4-Nostocales”, Arch. Hydrobiol./Algolog. Studies, 56, 247-345. google scholar
  • Komârek, J., Anagnostidis, K. (2007). Cyanoprokaryota, part 2. Oscillatoriales. Germany: Springer Spektrum. google scholar
  • Komarek, J., Anagnostidis, K. (2008), “Cyanoprokaryota. Part 2: Oscillatoriales”, 454 Süsswasseflora von Mitteleuropa Freshwater Flora of Central Europe, Spektrum 455 AkademischerVelag, 759 sayfa, Büdel, B., Gartner, G., Krienitz, L., Schagerl, M. (Eds). google scholar
  • Krammer, K., Lange-Bertalot, H. (1986). SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/1, 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag google scholar
  • Lyon-Colbert, A., Su, S., & Cude, C. (2018). A systematic literature review for evidence of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae toxigenicity in recreational waters and toxicity of dietary supplements: 20002017. Toxins, 10(7), 254. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Ma, J., Qin, B., Paerl, H. W., Brookes, J. D., Hall, N. S., Shi, K., ... & Long, S. (2016). The persistence of cyanobacterial (M icrocystis spp.) blooms throughout winter in L ake T aihu, C hina. Limnology and Oceanography, 61(2), 711-722. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Mariani, M. A., Padedda, B. M., Kastovsky, J., Buscarinu, P., Sechi, N., Virdis, T., & Luglie, A. (2015). Effects of trophic status on microcystin production and the dominance of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton assemblage of Mediterranean reservoirs. Scientific reports, 5(1), 1-16. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Water Management. 2019. Project on Management Plan of Küçük Menderes River Basin. google scholar
  • Oğuz, A., Akçaalan, R., Koker, L., Gürevin, C., Dorak, Z. & Albay, M. (2020). “Driving Factors Affecting the Phytoplankton Functional Groups in a Deep Alkaline Lake.” Turkish Journal of Botany 44(6):633-46. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Preece, E. P., Hardy, F. J., Moore, B. C., & Bryan, M. (2017). A review of microcystin detections in estuarine and marine waters: environmental implications and human health risk. Harmful Algae, 61, 31-45. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Sac, G., Gaygusuz, Ö., Dorak, Z., Koker L., Aydın F., Akçaalan R & Albay M. (2021). Pressure of Urbanisation on the Fish Community Structure in Küçük Menderes River Basin (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Water Science and Management, 5(1), 40-58. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Sinang, S. C., Reichwaldt, E. S., & Ghadouani, A. (2013). Spatial and temporal variability in the relationship between cyanobacterial biomass and microcystins. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185(8), 6379-6395. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Somay, A. M., Gemici, Ü., & Filiz, S. (2008). Hydrogeochemical investigation of kücük menderes river coastal wetland, selçuk-izmir, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 55(1), 149-164. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Svircev, Z., Lalic, D., Bojadzija Savic, G., Tokodi, N., Drobac Backovic, D., Chen, L., ... & Codd, G. A. (2019). Global geographical and historical overview of cyanotoxin distribution and cyanobacterial poisonings. Archives of toxicology, 93(9), 2429-2481. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Tosun, H. (2018). “Earthquake Safety of Large Dams Located in Küçük Menderes.” Istanbul: 5th International Symposium on Dam Safety. google scholar
  • Utermöhl, H. (1958). Zur vervollkommnung der quantitativen phytoplankton-methodik: Mit 1 Tabelle und 15 abbildungen im Text und auf 1 Tafel. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Mitteilungen, 9(1), 1-38. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Via-Ordorika, L., Fastner, J., Kurmayer, R., Hisbergues, M., Dittmann, E., Komarek, J., ... & Chorus, I. (2004). Distribution of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis sp. in European freshwater bodies: detection of microcystins and microcystin genes in individual colonies. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27(5), 592-602. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Walls, J. T., Wyatt, K. H., Doll, J. C., Rubenstein, E. M., & Rober, A. R. (2018). Hot and toxic: Temperature regulates microcystin release from cyanobacteria. Science of the Total Environment, 610, 786-795. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Wan, X., Steinman, A. D., Gu, Y., Zhu, G., Shu, X., Xue, Q., ... & Xie, L. (2020). Occurrence and risk assessment of microcystin and its relationship with environmental factors in lakes of the eastern plain ecoregion, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45095-45107. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Wei, J., Wang, M., Chen, C., Wu, H., Lin, L., & Li, M. (2020). Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in two temperate artificial lakes with different water sources. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(34), 42324-42334. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Xu, H., Chen, J., Zhu, G. W., Qin, B. Q., & Zhang, Y. L. (2019). Effect of concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen on the dominance of cyanobacteria. J Lake Sci, 31(5), 1239-1247. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Yang, J., Wang, F., Lv, J., Liu, Q., Nan, F., Liu, X., ... & Feng, J. (2019). Interactive effects of temperature and nutrients on the phytoplankton community in an urban river in China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(11), 1-16. [CrossRef] google scholar
  • Zou, W., Zhu, G., Cai, Y., Vilmi, A., Xu, H., Zhu, M., ... & Qin, B. (2020). Relationships between nutrient, chlorophyll a and Secchi depth in lakes of the Chinese Eastern Plains ecoregion: Implications for eutrophication management. Journal of Environmental Management, 260, 109923. [CrossRef] google scholar
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Latife Köker 0000-0002-9134-2801

Ayça Oğuz Çam 0000-0002-0711-2967

Reyhan Akçaalan 0000-0002-0756-8972

Meriç Albay 0000-0001-9726-945X

Publication Date June 11, 2022
Submission Date March 19, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 37 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Köker, L., Oğuz Çam, A., Akçaalan, R., Albay, M. (2022). Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 37(3), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20221088270
AMA Köker L, Oğuz Çam A, Akçaalan R, Albay M. Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye. Aqua Sci Eng. June 2022;37(3):129-139. doi:10.26650/ASE20221088270
Chicago Köker, Latife, Ayça Oğuz Çam, Reyhan Akçaalan, and Meriç Albay. “Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 37, no. 3 (June 2022): 129-39. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20221088270.
EndNote Köker L, Oğuz Çam A, Akçaalan R, Albay M (June 1, 2022) Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 37 3 129–139.
IEEE L. Köker, A. Oğuz Çam, R. Akçaalan, and M. Albay, “Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye”, Aqua Sci Eng, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 129–139, 2022, doi: 10.26650/ASE20221088270.
ISNAD Köker, Latife et al. “Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 37/3 (June 2022), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20221088270.
JAMA Köker L, Oğuz Çam A, Akçaalan R, Albay M. Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye. Aqua Sci Eng. 2022;37:129–139.
MLA Köker, Latife et al. “Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, vol. 37, no. 3, 2022, pp. 129-3, doi:10.26650/ASE20221088270.
Vancouver Köker L, Oğuz Çam A, Akçaalan R, Albay M. Cyanobacterial Diversity and the Presence of Microcystins in the Küçük Menderes River Basin, Turkiye. Aqua Sci Eng. 2022;37(3):129-3.

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