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Examination Of Exhaust Gas Emissions Of Transit Ships In The Istanbul Strait

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 59 - 66, 29.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.21541/apjes.705918

Abstract

Scientific studies have showed that sulfur oxide, nitrous oxide, and particulate matter emissions emitted from ships have a direct harmful effect on human and environmental health. Approximately 30% (approximately 4/5 million) of the population of Istanbul city live about 3/4 km from the Istanbul Strait and are constantly exposed to air pollution (NOX, SOX, and PM emissions) occurring in the Istanbul Strait. In this study, transit ship traffic (43.541 ships) crossing the Istanbul Strait in 2015 was examined and the flue gas emissions generated by these ships were calculated as 18.324 tons of NOX, 2.138 tons of CO, 5.294 tons of SOX, 937.017 tons of CO2, 692 tons of PM and 693 tons of VOC. Emission results have been found at a high level and not at a negligible rate. With this study, the inventory of transit ship traffic emissions has been created. In addition to this marine emission inventory, it is very important to add and calculate the emissions caused by local ship traffic, motor vehicles, industry, and domestic warming in the Strait. The emission inventory will inform us about the air pollution that will occur in Istanbul for the coming years and the measures that can be taken in this area.

References

  • Q. Buhaug, J.J. Corbett, Q. Endersen, V. Eyring, J. Faber, S. Hanayama, D.S. Lee, H. Lindstad, A. Mjelde, C. Palsson, W. Wanquing, J.J. Winebrake, K. Yoshida, “Updated study on greenhouse gas emissions from ships”, London, UK: International Maritime Organization, 2009.
  • O. Endresen, E. Sorgard, J.K. Sundet, S.B. Dalsoren, I.A. Isaksen, T.F. Berglen, G. Gravir, “Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact”, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (17), 28-29, 2003.
  • J.J. Corbett, J.J. Winebrake, E.H. Green, P. Kasibhatla, V. Eyring, A. Lauer, “Mortality from ship emissions: A global assessment”, Environmental Science and Technology, 41(24), 8512–8518, 2007.
  • M. Sofiev, J.J. Winebrake, L. Johansson, E.W. Carr, M. Prank, J. Soares, “Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs”, Nature communications, 9(1), 406, 2018.
  • S. Anenberg, J. Miller, D. Henze, R. Minjares, “A global snapshot of the air pollution-related health impacts of transportation sector emissions in 2010 and 2015 (Tech. Rep.)”, The International Council on Clean Transportation, 2019
  • World Health Organization, Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide for Global update 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2011.
  • André Nel, “Air pollution-related illness:effects of particles”, Science, 308, 804-806, 2005.
  • J.F. Wang, M.G. Hu, C.D. Xu,G. Christakos, Y. Zhao, “Estimation of citywide air pollution in Beijing”, PLoS One, 8 (1), 2013.
  • Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı, Denizcilik İstatistikleri, URL:https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/istatistik_filo.aspx (Erişim zamanı; Haziran, 12, 2019).
  • Aydın Tokuşlu, “İstanbul Boğazı’nda Gemi Kaynaklı Hava Emisyonlarının Analizi ve Etkilerinin Ortaya Konulması”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2019.
  • V. Eyring, I.A.S. Isaksen, T. Berntsen, W.J. Collins, J.J. Corbett, O. Endresen, R.G. Grainger, J. Moldanova, H. Schlager, D.S. Stevenson, “Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: shipping”, Atmospheric Environment, 44 (2010), 4735–4771, 2008.
  • M.Viana, P.P. Hammingh, A. Colette, X. Querol, B. Degraeuwe, I. Vlieger, J.V. Aardenne, “Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment, 90, 96-105, 2014.
  • J.P. Jalkanen, L. Johansson, J.A. Kukkonen, “Comprehensive inventory of the ship traffic exhaust emissions in the Baltic Sea from 2006 to 2009”, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 43, 311–324, 2012.
  • U. Kesgin, N. Vardar, “A study on exhaust gas emissions from ships in Turkish Straits”, Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1863-1870, 2001.
  • C. Deniz, Y. Durmuşoğlu, “Estimating shipping emissions in the region of the Sea of Marmara”, Science of the Total Environment, 390, 255-261, 2008.
  • İ. Bayırhan, K. Mersin, A.Tokuşlu, C.Gazioğlu, “Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Istanbul Strait”, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 6(3): 238-243, 2019.
  • C. Trozzi, R. Vaccaro, “Methodologies for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships”. European Commission Under the Transport RTD Programme of the 4th Framework Programme Technical Report, Roma, Italy:Techne, (1998).
  • C. Trozzi, R. Vaccaro, “Methodologies for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships: a 2006 update”. Environment & Transport 2th International Scientific Symposium including 15th conference Transport and Air Pollution, Proceedings 108, 425, 12-14 June 2006, Reims, France, (2006).
  • Carlo Trozzi, “Emissions estimate methodology for maritime navigation”, Techne Consulting Report, San Antonio, Texas:Techne, (2010).
  • J.J. Corbett, P.S. Fishbeck, “Emissions from ships”, Science, 5339, 823-824, 1997.
  • M.E. Davies, G. Plant, C. Cosslett, O. Harrop, J.W. Petts, “Study on the Economic, Legal, Environmental and Practical Implications of a European Union System to Reduce Ship Emissions of SO2 and NOX”. Final Report for European Commission Contract, England: BMT Murray Fenton Edon Liddiard Vince Limited, (2000).
  • Mehmet Sedat Çevirgen, “İstanbul’da denizyolu ulaşımının sera gazı emisyonlarına etkisi”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2009.
  • Alper Kılıç, “Marmara Bölgesi'ndeki Deniz ve Hava Taşımacılığından Kaynaklanan Emisyon Envanterinin Oluşturulması ve Hava Kirliliğinin Modellenmesi”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2014.

İstanbul Boğazı’nda Transit Geçiş Yapan Gemilerin Egzoz Gazı Emisyonlarının İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 59 - 66, 29.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.21541/apjes.705918

Abstract

Gemilerden salınan sülfür oksit, azot oksit ve partiküler madde emisyonlarının, insan ve çevre sağlığı üzerinde doğrudan zararlı etkisi yapılan bilimsel çalışmalarla ortaya konulmuştur. İstanbul ilinin nüfusunun yaklaşık %30’u (yaklaşık 4/5 milyon) İstanbul Boğazı’na yaklaşık 3/4 km mesafede yaşamaktadır ve Boğaz’da meydana gelen hava kirliliğine (NOX, SOX ve PM emisyonları) sürekli maruz kalmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2015 yılında İstanbul Boğazı’ndan geçiş yapan transit gemi trafiği (43.541 gemi) incelenmiş ve bu gemilerin ortaya çıkardığı baca gazı emisyonları 18.324 ton NOX, 2.138 ton CO, 5.294 ton SOX, 937.017 ton CO2, 692 ton PM ve 693 ton VOC olarak hesaplanmıştır. Emisyon sonuçları yüksek seviyede bulunmuş olup, ihmal edilebilecek bir oranda değildir. Bu çalışma ile transit gemi trafiği emisyonlarının envanteri çıkarılmıştır. Bu deniz emisyonu envanterinin yanında Boğaz’daki yerel gemi trafiğinin, motorlu taşıtların, sanayiin ve evsel ısınmanın da ortaya çıkardığı emisyonların hesaplanarak eklenmesi çok önemlidir. Emisyon envanteri, gelecek yıllar için İstanbul ilinde oluşacak hava kirliliği ve bu alanda alınabilecek tedbirler hakkında bize bilgi verecektir.

References

  • Q. Buhaug, J.J. Corbett, Q. Endersen, V. Eyring, J. Faber, S. Hanayama, D.S. Lee, H. Lindstad, A. Mjelde, C. Palsson, W. Wanquing, J.J. Winebrake, K. Yoshida, “Updated study on greenhouse gas emissions from ships”, London, UK: International Maritime Organization, 2009.
  • O. Endresen, E. Sorgard, J.K. Sundet, S.B. Dalsoren, I.A. Isaksen, T.F. Berglen, G. Gravir, “Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact”, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (17), 28-29, 2003.
  • J.J. Corbett, J.J. Winebrake, E.H. Green, P. Kasibhatla, V. Eyring, A. Lauer, “Mortality from ship emissions: A global assessment”, Environmental Science and Technology, 41(24), 8512–8518, 2007.
  • M. Sofiev, J.J. Winebrake, L. Johansson, E.W. Carr, M. Prank, J. Soares, “Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs”, Nature communications, 9(1), 406, 2018.
  • S. Anenberg, J. Miller, D. Henze, R. Minjares, “A global snapshot of the air pollution-related health impacts of transportation sector emissions in 2010 and 2015 (Tech. Rep.)”, The International Council on Clean Transportation, 2019
  • World Health Organization, Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide for Global update 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2011.
  • André Nel, “Air pollution-related illness:effects of particles”, Science, 308, 804-806, 2005.
  • J.F. Wang, M.G. Hu, C.D. Xu,G. Christakos, Y. Zhao, “Estimation of citywide air pollution in Beijing”, PLoS One, 8 (1), 2013.
  • Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı, Denizcilik İstatistikleri, URL:https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/istatistik_filo.aspx (Erişim zamanı; Haziran, 12, 2019).
  • Aydın Tokuşlu, “İstanbul Boğazı’nda Gemi Kaynaklı Hava Emisyonlarının Analizi ve Etkilerinin Ortaya Konulması”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2019.
  • V. Eyring, I.A.S. Isaksen, T. Berntsen, W.J. Collins, J.J. Corbett, O. Endresen, R.G. Grainger, J. Moldanova, H. Schlager, D.S. Stevenson, “Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: shipping”, Atmospheric Environment, 44 (2010), 4735–4771, 2008.
  • M.Viana, P.P. Hammingh, A. Colette, X. Querol, B. Degraeuwe, I. Vlieger, J.V. Aardenne, “Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment, 90, 96-105, 2014.
  • J.P. Jalkanen, L. Johansson, J.A. Kukkonen, “Comprehensive inventory of the ship traffic exhaust emissions in the Baltic Sea from 2006 to 2009”, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 43, 311–324, 2012.
  • U. Kesgin, N. Vardar, “A study on exhaust gas emissions from ships in Turkish Straits”, Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1863-1870, 2001.
  • C. Deniz, Y. Durmuşoğlu, “Estimating shipping emissions in the region of the Sea of Marmara”, Science of the Total Environment, 390, 255-261, 2008.
  • İ. Bayırhan, K. Mersin, A.Tokuşlu, C.Gazioğlu, “Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Istanbul Strait”, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 6(3): 238-243, 2019.
  • C. Trozzi, R. Vaccaro, “Methodologies for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships”. European Commission Under the Transport RTD Programme of the 4th Framework Programme Technical Report, Roma, Italy:Techne, (1998).
  • C. Trozzi, R. Vaccaro, “Methodologies for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships: a 2006 update”. Environment & Transport 2th International Scientific Symposium including 15th conference Transport and Air Pollution, Proceedings 108, 425, 12-14 June 2006, Reims, France, (2006).
  • Carlo Trozzi, “Emissions estimate methodology for maritime navigation”, Techne Consulting Report, San Antonio, Texas:Techne, (2010).
  • J.J. Corbett, P.S. Fishbeck, “Emissions from ships”, Science, 5339, 823-824, 1997.
  • M.E. Davies, G. Plant, C. Cosslett, O. Harrop, J.W. Petts, “Study on the Economic, Legal, Environmental and Practical Implications of a European Union System to Reduce Ship Emissions of SO2 and NOX”. Final Report for European Commission Contract, England: BMT Murray Fenton Edon Liddiard Vince Limited, (2000).
  • Mehmet Sedat Çevirgen, “İstanbul’da denizyolu ulaşımının sera gazı emisyonlarına etkisi”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2009.
  • Alper Kılıç, “Marmara Bölgesi'ndeki Deniz ve Hava Taşımacılığından Kaynaklanan Emisyon Envanterinin Oluşturulması ve Hava Kirliliğinin Modellenmesi”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2014.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aydın Tokuşlu 0000-0002-5851-6902

Selmin Burak 0000-0003-0780-0687

Publication Date January 29, 2021
Submission Date March 18, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE A. Tokuşlu and S. Burak, “İstanbul Boğazı’nda Transit Geçiş Yapan Gemilerin Egzoz Gazı Emisyonlarının İncelenmesi”, APJES, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 59–66, 2021, doi: 10.21541/apjes.705918.